Absceso mastoideo como presentación de colesteatoma congénito en preescolar ¿cuál es el origen? / Mastoid abscess as congenital cholesteatoma presentation in a child what is the origin?

Resumen El colesteatoma congénito es una entidad que puede manifestarse con una amplia variedad de síntomas o ser silente durante largo tiempo y constituir un hallazgo incidental. Una vez diagnosticada es importante valorar su extensión y el compromiso de estructuras adyacentes, para lograr una adecuada planificación quirúrgica, eliminando la enfermedad y manteniendo la mejor funcionalidad posible. Se presenta un caso de colesteatoma congénito infantil.

Abstract Congenital cholesteatoma is an entity that can manifest with a wide variety of symptoms or be silent for a long time and constitute an incidental finding. Once diagnosed, it is important to assess the extension to apply the most efficient treatment, eliminating the disease and providing functionality if possible. A case of congenital cholesteatoma in a child is presented.

Versatilidad del colgajo microvascularizado antebraquial radial en la reconstrucción de cabeza y cuello. Una serie de 58 casos / Versatility of the radial forearm free flap in head and neck reconstruction. A study of 58 case

INTRODUCCIÓN: El colgajo microvascularizado antebraquial radial (CMAR) es una herramienta ampliamente utilizada en la cirugía reconstructiva de cabeza y cuello. Destaca por ser un colgajo relativamente sencillo de obtener, versátil y con características que permiten la reconstrucción de defectos complejos de la cabeza y el cuello. El objetivo del estudio es presentar nuestros resultados en la reconstrucción con CMAR de defectos que asentaban en el área de la cabeza y el cuello. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y analítico en el que se incluyen 58 casos de intervenciones con CMAR realizadas entre enero de 2002 y julio de 2019. Los datos estudiados fueron la edad y el sexo del paciente, la localización del tumor, el tipo histológico, la radioterapia previa, el número de anastomosis venosas realizadas en la cirugía y la temperatura corporal en el postoperatorio inmediato, a las 24 y a las 48 h de la cirugía. RESULTADOS: El porcentaje de CMAR viables fue del 82,8%. Ninguna de las variables analizadas parece ser un factor de riesgo para el fallo del colgajo. La causa más frecuente de fallo del colgajo es la trombosis venosa. CONCLUSIONES: Los colgajos microvascularizados tienen un papel destacado en la cirugía reconstructiva, siendo el CMAR uno de los más interesantes para la reconstrucción de cabeza y cuello. Constituye una herramienta muy versátil que permite la reconstrucción de gran cantidad de localizaciones en las que trabaja el cirujano de cabeza y cuello

INTRODUCTION: The radial forearm free flap (RFFF) is a widely used tool in head and neck reconstructive surgery. It stands out as a relatively simple flap to achieve; it is versatile and has features that enable the reconstruction of complex head and neck defects. The aim of the study was to present our results using the RFFF in the reconstruction of seated defects in the head and neck area. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, observational and analytical study that included 58 cases of RFFF interventions, performed between January 2002 and July 2019. The data studied were the age and sex of the patients, location of the tumour, histological type, previous radiation therapy, number of venous anastomoses performed in the surgery and body temperature in the immediate postoperative period, at 24 and 48hours following surgery. RESULTS: The percentage of viable RFFF was 82.8%. None of the variables analysed appear to be a risk factor for flap failure. The most frequent cause of flap failure was venous thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: Microvascularised flaps play an important role in reconstructive surgery, being the RFFF one of the most interesting for head and neck reconstruction. It is a very versatile tool that allows the reconstruction of many of the sites where the head and neck surgeon operates

Factores de riesgo y evolución del calcio y hormona paratiroidea en el síndrome de hueso hambriento tras paratiroidectomía por hiperparatiroidismo primario / Risk factors and evolution of calcium and parathyroid hormone levels in hungry bone syndrome after parthyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism

INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome del hueso hambriento (SHH) es una complicación tras la cirugía paratiroidea que puede causar una hipocalcemia grave y prolongada. El objetivo fue conocer los factores de riesgo de SHH después de la cirugía por hiperparatiroidismo primario y su relación con los niveles de calcio sérico y de hormona paratiroidea (PTH). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio analítico observacional de casos y controles en pacientes operados por hiperparatiroidismo primario en los últimos 10 años (2008-2017). Se estudió la evolución analítica del calcio, la PTH y las características generales de los pacientes. RESULTADOS: La incidencia de SHH en nuestra serie fue del 12,2%. Se encontró una asociación significativa de SHH con la cirugía tiroidea en el mismo acto quirúrgico (odds ratio ajustada [ORa] = 17,241), con la edad mayor de 68 años (Ora = 6,666) y con el tamaño de la lesión mayor a 1,7cm (Ora = 7.165). Observamos una relación estadísticamente significativa entre presentar SHH con un valor mayor a la media de calcio sérico corregido el día después de la cirugía, a la semana y a los 3 meses, así como con un valor mayor de la media de PTH preoperatoria, en la cirugía y un día después de la cirugía. CONCLUSIÓN: Los factores de riesgo independientes para el desarrollo de SHH en nuestra serie fueron la edad del paciente, el tamaño de la lesión y si la intervención se acompaña de cirugía tiroidea, lo que obliga a una monitorización más estrecha del metabolismo mineral durante el perioperatorio

INTRODUCTION: Hungry bone syndrome (HBS) is a complication occurring after parathyroid surgery that can cause severe and prolonged hypocalcemia. The study objective was to know the risk factors for HBS after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism and its relationship with serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A case-control, observational, analytical study was conducted in patients who had undergone surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism in the past 10 years (2007-2016). Changes over time in serum calcium and PTH levels and the general characteristics of patients were analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence rate of HBS in our series was 12.2%. HBS was found to be significantly associated to thyroid surgery during the surgical procedure itself (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 17.241), to age older than 68 years (aOR = 6.666), and to lesions greater than 1.7cm (aOR = 7.165). A statistically significant relationship was seen between presence of HBS and corrected serum calcium levels higher than the mean the day after surgery and one week and 3 months later, and also with PTH levels higher than the mean before, during, and one day after surgery. CONCLUSIÓN: In our series, independent risk factors for development of HBS included patient age, lesion size, and whether or not the procedure was accompanied by thyroid surgery, which requires closer monitoring of mineral metabolism during the perioperative period

Versatility of the radial forearm free flap in head and neck reconstruction. A study of 58 cases. / Versatilidad del colgajo microvascularizado antebraquial radial en la reconstrucción de cabeza y cuello. Una serie de 58 casos.

INTRODUCTION: The radial forearm free flap (RFFF) is a widely used tool in head and neck reconstructive surgery. It stands out as a relatively simple flap to achieve; it is versatile and has features that enable the reconstruction of complex head and neck defects. The aim of the study was to present our results using the RFFF in the reconstruction of seated defects in the head and neck area. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, observational and analytical study that included 58 cases of RFFF interventions, performed between January 2002 and July 2019. The data studied were the age and sex of the patients, location of the tumour, histological type, previous radiation therapy, number of venous anastomoses performed in the surgery and body temperature in the immediate postoperative period, at 24 and 48hours following surgery. RESULTS: The percentage of viable RFFF was 82.8%. None of the variables analysed appear to be a risk factor for flap failure. The most frequent cause of flap failure was venous thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: Microvascularised flaps play an important role in reconstructive surgery, being the RFFF one of the most interesting for head and neck reconstruction. It is a very versatile tool that allows the reconstruction of many of the sites where the head and neck surgeon operates.

Risk factors and evolution of calcium and parathyroid hormone levels in hungry bone syndrome after parthyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism. / Factores de riesgo y evolución del calcio y hormona paratiroidea en el síndrome de hueso hambriento tras paratiroidectomía por hiperparatiroidismo primario.

INTRODUCTION: Hungry bone syndrome (HBS) is a complication occurring after parathyroid surgery that can cause severe and prolonged hypocalcemia. The study objective was to know the risk factors for HBS after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism and its relationship with serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A case-control, observational, analytical study was conducted in patients who had undergone surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism in the past 10 years (2007-2016). Changes over time in serum calcium and PTH levels and the general characteristics of patients were analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence rate of HBS in our series was 12.2%. HBS was found to be significantly associated to thyroid surgery during the surgical procedure itself (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=17.241), to age older than 68 years (aOR=6.666), and to lesions greater than 1.7cm (aOR=7.165). A statistically significant relationship was seen between presence of HBS and corrected serum calcium levels higher than the mean the day after surgery and one week and 3 months later, and also with PTH levels higher than the mean before, during, and one day after surgery. CONCLUSION: In our series, independent risk factors for development of HBS included patient age, lesion size, and whether or not the procedure was accompanied by thyroid surgery, which requires closer monitoring of mineral metabolism during the perioperative period.

Incidence of smell and taste disorders and associated factors in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19.

<b>Objectives:</b> To determine the incidence of smell and taste disorders in our health department and to analyse the factors that could be associated with these symptoms in patients with COVID-19. <br><b>Methods:</b> We conducted an observational descriptive study of all patients with COVID-19 in our health area diagnosed between 2020/03/10 and 2020/04/14. Factors related to smell and taste disorders were analysed. <br><b>Results:</b> A total of 126 patients, 63 women and 63 men, aged 16-80 years, were included. As many as 69 patients (62.7%) presented hyposmia, and 58 (46%) of them had anosmia. A total of 75 patients (59.5%) presented hypogeusia, and 57 (45.2%) of them had ageusia. The risk factors that were most commonly associated with these disorders were the female sex (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 2.43 for smell disorders and 2.44 for taste disorders), allergic rhinitis (aOR 3.34 for smell disorders) and a younger age. A protective factor was arterial hypertension (aOR 0.51 for smell disorders and 0.35 for taste disorders). A history of tonsillectomy was the risk factor for taste disorder (aOR 5.23). <br><b>Conclusion:</b> Our results indicate that these sensory disorders occurred more frequently in female patients and in young patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 infection who progressed with mild nasal congestion, posterior rhinorrhoea and without anterior rhinorrhoea. The recovery of taste occurred before the recovery of smell.

Búsqueda de criterios de normalidad de potenciales evocados auditivos de tronco cerebral y potenciales evocados auditivos de estado estable con estímulo en campo libre / Search for normality criteria of auditory brain responses and auditory steady state response with free-field stimulation

Objetivo: Conocer los umbrales de normalidad de las pruebas de ABR y ASSR en campo libre comparadas con los auriculares de inserción. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo de una serie de casos de niños sin hipoacusia en el periodo de tiempo entre abril de 2016 y enero de 2017, a los que se realiza ABR y ASSR convencionales utilizando auriculares de inserción y mediante campo libre. Resultados: Fueron valorados 54 oídos con criterios absolutos de normalidad. La edad media fue de 16,7 meses (DE = 5,7) con un rango de edad comprendido entre los 6 y los 24 meses. La evocación del potencial de acción a 70 dBs en campo libre mostró una media de onda I de 3,47ms (DE = 0,59 ms), onda II de 4,01 (DE = 0,31), onda III de 5,97 (DE = 0,61), onda IV de 6,71 (DE=0,67) y onda V de 8,22 (DE = 0,51). Se encuentra una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,05) en el valor otenido con auriculares de inserción o en campo libre en la onda I (diferencia media 1,91), en la onda III (1,88), en la onda IV (1,69) y en la onda V (1,95), siendo mayores en campo libre. No se encuentran diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las interlatencias. Las respuestas en el ASSR mediante campo libre presentaron un incremento de 1,56 min en comparación a los auriculares de inserción. Conclusiones: Los umbrales obtenidos en ABR mediante campo libre son superponibles a los realizados con auriculares de inserción, únicamente se diferencian en el aumento de las latencias, manteniendo las interlatencias, ocasionado por el retraso de estimulación del oído debido a la distancia entre la fuente sonora y el tímpano. Ambas pruebas son realizables mediante campo libre lo que permitiría aplicarlas de manera rutinaria y a pacientes donde no se les pueden realizar las convencionales

Objective: To discover the thresholds of normality of the tests of ABR and ASSR in free-field stimulation compared with headphones. Methods: Descriptive study of a series of cases of children without hearing loss carried out between April 2016 and January 2017. The ABR and conventional ASR were performed using insert headphones and free-field stimulation. Results: Fifty-four ears were evaluated with absolute criteria of normality. The mean age was 16.7 months (SD = 5.7). The evocation of the action potential at 70 dBs in the free-field showed a mean on wave I of 3.47ms, on wave II of 4.01, on wave III of 5.97, on wave IV of 6.71 and on wave V of 8.22. There is a statistically significant difference (p<.05) between the value obtained with insert earphones and the free-field on wave I (mean difference 1.91), on wave III (1.88), on wave IV (1.69) and on wave V (1.95), their being higher in stimulus in free field. There were no statistically significant differences in the interlatencies. The responses in the ASSR with free-field showed an increase of 1.56 minutes compared to the headphones. Conclusions: The thresholds obtained in ABR by free-field were differentiated from those obtained by headphones in the increase of latencies, caused by delayed stimulation of the ear due to the distance between the sound source and the eardrum. Both tests are feasible by free-field stimulation, which would allow them to be applied routinely to patients on whom conventional tests cannot be performed

Search for normality criteria of auditory brain responses and auditory steady state response with free-field stimulation. / Búsqueda de criterios de normalidad de potenciales evocados auditivos de tronco cerebral y potenciales evocados auditivos de estado estable con estímulo en campo libre.

OBJECTIVE: To discover the thresholds of normality of the tests of ABR and ASSR in free-field stimulation compared with headphones. METHODS: Descriptive study of a series of cases of children without hearing loss carried out between April 2016 and January 2017. The ABR and conventional ASR were performed using insert headphones and free-field stimulation. RESULTS: Fifty-four ears were evaluated with absolute criteria of normality. The mean age was 16.7 months (SD=5.7). The evocation of the action potential at 70 dBs in the free-field showed a mean on wave I of 3.47ms, on wave II of 4.01, on wave III of 5.97, on wave IV of 6.71 and on wave V of 8.22. There is a statistically significant difference (p<.05) between the value obtained with insert earphones and the free-field on wave I (mean difference 1.91), on wave III (1.88), on wave IV (1.69) and on wave V (1.95), their being higher in stimulus in free field. There were no statistically significant differences in the interlatencies. The responses in the ASSR with free-field showed an increase of 1.56minutes compared to the headphones. CONCLUSIONS: The thresholds obtained in ABR by free-field were differentiated from those obtained by headphones in the increase of latencies, caused by delayed stimulation of the ear due to the distance between the sound source and the eardrum. Both tests are feasible by free-field stimulation, which would allow them to be applied routinely to patients on whom conventional tests cannot be performed.